(1) [해] I n = ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 x ⋅ cos n − 2 x d x = ∫ 0 π 2 ( 1 − sin 2 x ) ⋅ cos n − 2 x d x = I n − 2 + ∫ 0 π 2 cos n − 2 x ⋅ ( − sin x ) ⋅ sin x d x \displaystyle \begin{aligned} I_{n} &=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{2}x\cdot\cos^{n-2}x\,dx=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(1-\sin^{2}x)\cdot\cos^{n-2}x\,dx \\ &=I_{n-2}+\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{n-2}x\cdot(-\sin x)\cdot\sin x\,dx \end{aligned} I n = ∫ 0 2 π cos 2 x ⋅ cos n − 2 x d x = ∫ 0 2 π ( 1 − sin 2 x ) ⋅ cos n − 2 x d x = I n − 2 + ∫ 0 2 π cos n − 2 x ⋅ ( − sin x ) ⋅ sin x d x
( 부분적분법 ∫ u ′ v = u v − ∫ u v ′ \displaystyle \int u^{\prime}v=uv-\int uv^{\prime} ∫ u ′ v = uv − ∫ u v ′ , 에서 u = 1 n − 1 cos n − 1 x \displaystyle u=\frac{1}{n-1}\cos^{n-1}x u = n − 1 1 cos n − 1 x , v = sin x \displaystyle v=\sin x v = sin x )
= I n − 2 + [ 1 n − 1 cos n − 1 x sin x ] 0 π 2 − 1 n − 1 ∫ 0 π 2 cos n d x = I n − 2 − ( 1 n − 1 ) I n \displaystyle \begin{aligned} &=I_{n-2}+\Biggl[\frac{1}{n-1}\cos^{n-1}x\sin x\Biggr]_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}-\frac{1}{n-1}\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{n}\,dx \\ &=I_{n-2}-\left(\frac{1}{n-1}\right)I_{n} \end{aligned} = I n − 2 + [ n − 1 1 cos n − 1 x sin x ] 0 2 π − n − 1 1 ∫ 0 2 π cos n d x = I n − 2 − ( n − 1 1 ) I n Correction. 마지막 적분의 cos n \displaystyle \cos^{n} cos n 에는 x \displaystyle x x 가 빠졌다. cos n x \displaystyle \cos^{n}x cos n x 로 써야 한다. 그러나 원칙에 따라 원문 표기를 그대로 실었다.정리하면 I n = n − 1 n I n − 2 \displaystyle I_{n}=\frac{n-1}{n}I_{n-2} I n = n n − 1 I n − 2 , A n = n − 1 n \displaystyle A_{n}=\frac{n-1}{n} A n = n n − 1 (n ≥ 2 \displaystyle n\ge 2 n ≥ 2 )
(2) [해] (1)에서 cos x ≤ 1 \displaystyle \cos x\le 1 cos x ≤ 1 이기 때문에 ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 n − 1 x ⋅ cos x d x ≤ ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 n − 1 x d x \displaystyle \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{2n-1}x\cdot\cos x\,dx\le\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{2n-1}x\,dx ∫ 0 2 π cos 2 n − 1 x ⋅ cos x d x ≤ ∫ 0 2 π cos 2 n − 1 x d x 이 성립한다.따라서 I 2 n = ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 n − 1 x ⋅ cos x d x ≤ ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 n − 1 x d x = I 2 n − 1 \displaystyle I_{2n}=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{2n-1}x\cdot\cos x\,dx\le\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{2n-1}x\,dx=I_{2n-1} I 2 n = ∫ 0 2 π cos 2 n − 1 x ⋅ cos x d x ≤ ∫ 0 2 π cos 2 n − 1 x d x = I 2 n − 1 이고 I 2 n + 1 = ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 n x ⋅ cos x d x ≤ ∫ 0 π 2 cos 2 n x d x = I 2 n \displaystyle I_{2n+1}=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{2n}x\cdot\cos x\,dx\le\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos^{2n}x\,dx=I_{2n} I 2 n + 1 = ∫ 0 2 π cos 2 n x ⋅ cos x d x ≤ ∫ 0 2 π cos 2 n x d x = I 2 n 이다.
(3) [해] n = 0 \displaystyle n=0 n = 0 인 경우 I 0 = ∫ 0 π 2 1 d x = π 2 \displaystyle I_{0}=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}1\,dx=\frac{\pi}{2} I 0 = ∫ 0 2 π 1 d x = 2 π 이고 n = 1 \displaystyle n=1 n = 1 인 경우 I 1 = ∫ 0 π 2 cos x d x = 1 \displaystyle I_{1}=\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\cos x\,dx=1 I 1 = ∫ 0 2 π cos x d x = 1 이다.(1)에서 I 0 = π 2 \displaystyle I_{0}=\frac{\pi}{2} I 0 = 2 π 이고 I 1 = 1 \displaystyle I_{1}=1 I 1 = 1 그리고 I n = n − 1 n I n − 2 \displaystyle I_{n}=\frac{n-1}{n}I_{n-2} I n = n n − 1 I n − 2 로부터 I 2 n I 2 n − 1 = 2 n − 1 2 n 2 n − 3 2 n − 2 ⋯ 1 2 I 0 2 n − 2 2 n − 1 ⋅ 2 n − 4 2 n − 3 ⋯ 2 3 I 1 = 2 n π 2 ( 2 n − 1 2 n 2 n − 3 2 n − 2 ⋯ 3 2 ) 2 = n π ( 2 n − 1 2 n 2 n − 3 2 n − 2 ⋯ 3 2 ) 2 \displaystyle \frac{I_{2n}}{I_{2n-1}}=\frac{\frac{2n-1}{2n}\frac{2n-3}{2n-2}\cdots\frac{1}{2}I_{0}}{\frac{2n-2}{2n-1}\cdot\frac{2n-4}{2n-3}\cdots\frac{2}{3}I_{1}}=2n\frac{\pi}{2}\left(\frac{2n-1}{2n}\frac{2n-3}{2n-2}\cdots\frac{3}{2}\right)^{2}=n\pi\left(\frac{2n-1}{2n}\frac{2n-3}{2n-2}\cdots\frac{3}{2}\right)^{2} I 2 n − 1 I 2 n = 2 n − 1 2 n − 2 ⋅ 2 n − 3 2 n − 4 ⋯ 3 2 I 1 2 n 2 n − 1 2 n − 2 2 n − 3 ⋯ 2 1 I 0 = 2 n 2 π ( 2 n 2 n − 1 2 n − 2 2 n − 3 ⋯ 2 3 ) 2 = nπ ( 2 n 2 n − 1 2 n − 2 2 n − 3 ⋯ 2 3 ) 2 Correction. 괄호 안 곱의 마지막 인자는 3 2 \displaystyle \frac{3}{2} 2 3 가 아니라 1 2 \displaystyle \frac{1}{2} 2 1 이다. 뒤의 팩토리얼 표현과 최종 답에는 영향이 없다. 원칙에 따라 원문 표기를 그대로 실었다.
분모 : 2 n ⋅ ( 2 n − 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 4 ) ⋯ 2 = 2 n n ! \displaystyle 2n\cdot(2n-2)\cdot(2n-4)\cdots 2=2^{n}n! 2 n ⋅ ( 2 n − 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 4 ) ⋯ 2 = 2 n n ! 분자 : ( 2 n − 1 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 3 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 5 ) ⋯ 3 = ( 2 n ) ! 2 n ⋅ ( 2 n − 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 4 ) ⋯ 2 = ( 2 n ) ! 2 n n ! \displaystyle (2n-1)\cdot(2n-3)\cdot(2n-5)\cdots 3=\frac{(2n)!}{2n\cdot(2n-2)\cdot(2n-4)\cdots 2}=\frac{(2n)!}{2^{n}n!} ( 2 n − 1 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 3 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 5 ) ⋯ 3 = 2 n ⋅ ( 2 n − 2 ) ⋅ ( 2 n − 4 ) ⋯ 2 ( 2 n )! = 2 n n ! ( 2 n )! 따라서 I 2 n I 2 n − 1 = n π ( ( 2 n ) ! 2 n n ! 2 n n ! ) 2 \displaystyle \frac{I_{2n}}{I_{2n-1}}=n\pi\left(\frac{(2n)!}{2^{n}n!\,2^{n}n!}\right)^{2} I 2 n − 1 I 2 n = nπ ( 2 n n ! 2 n n ! ( 2 n )! ) 2 이고 I 2 n I 2 n − 1 = n π ( ( 2 n ) ! 2 n n ! 2 n n ! ) \displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{I_{2n}}{I_{2n-1}}}=\sqrt{n\pi}\left(\frac{(2n)!}{2^{n}n!\,2^{n}n!}\right) I 2 n − 1 I 2 n = nπ ( 2 n n ! 2 n n ! ( 2 n )! ) 이다.
n ! = C n n n e − n n \displaystyle n!=C_{n}n^{n}e^{-n}\sqrt{n} n ! = C n n n e − n n 과 ( 2 n ) ! = C 2 n ( 2 n ) 2 n e − 2 n 2 n \displaystyle (2n)!=C_{2n}(2n)^{2n}e^{-2n}\sqrt{2n} ( 2 n )! = C 2 n ( 2 n ) 2 n e − 2 n 2 n 를 대입하면I 2 n I 2 n − 1 = n π ( C 2 n ⋅ ( 2 n ) 2 n e − 2 n 2 n C n 2 2 2 n n 2 n e − 2 n n ) = 2 π C 2 n C n 2 \displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{I_{2n}}{I_{2n-1}}}=\sqrt{n\pi}\left(\frac{C_{2n}\cdot(2n)^{2n}e^{-2n}\sqrt{2n}}{C_{n}^{2}2^{2n}n^{2n}e^{-2n}n}\right)=\frac{\sqrt{2\pi}\,C_{2n}}{C_{n}^{2}} I 2 n − 1 I 2 n = nπ ( C n 2 2 2 n n 2 n e − 2 n n C 2 n ⋅ ( 2 n ) 2 n e − 2 n 2 n ) = C n 2 2 π C 2 n 따라서 α n = 2 π C 2 n C n \displaystyle \alpha_{n}=\frac{\sqrt{2\pi}\,C_{2n}}{C_{n}} α n = C n 2 π C 2 n 이고, α = 2 π \displaystyle \alpha=\sqrt{2\pi} α = 2 π 이다.
( p ( n ) ) 2 = I 2 n + 1 I 2 n − 1 = 2 n 2 n + 1 2 n − 2 2 n − 1 ⋯ 2 3 I 1 2 n − 2 2 n − 1 ⋅ 2 n − 4 2 n − 3 ⋯ 2 3 I 1 = 2 n 2 n + 1 \displaystyle (p(n))^{2}=\frac{I_{2n+1}}{I_{2n-1}}=\frac{\frac{2n}{2n+1}\frac{2n-2}{2n-1}\cdots\frac{2}{3}I_{1}}{\frac{2n-2}{2n-1}\cdot\frac{2n-4}{2n-3}\cdots\frac{2}{3}I_{1}}=\frac{2n}{2n+1} ( p ( n ) ) 2 = I 2 n − 1 I 2 n + 1 = 2 n − 1 2 n − 2 ⋅ 2 n − 3 2 n − 4 ⋯ 3 2 I 1 2 n + 1 2 n 2 n − 1 2 n − 2 ⋯ 3 2 I 1 = 2 n + 1 2 n 이다. p ( n ) = 2 n 2 n + 1 \displaystyle p(n)=\sqrt{\frac{2n}{2n+1}} p ( n ) = 2 n + 1 2 n
(4) [해] lim n → ∞ p ( n ) = lim n → ∞ 1 − 1 2 n + 1 = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty}p(n)=\lim_{n\to\infty}\sqrt{1-\frac{1}{2n+1}}=1 n → ∞ lim p ( n ) = n → ∞ lim 1 − 2 n + 1 1 = 1 이고 lim n → ∞ C n = C \displaystyle \lim_{n\to\infty}C_{n}=C n → ∞ lim C n = C 이므로 1 ≥ 2 π C ≥ 1 \displaystyle 1\ge\frac{\sqrt{2\pi}}{C}\ge 1 1 ≥ C 2 π ≥ 1 이 성립되어 C = 2 π \displaystyle C=\sqrt{2\pi} C = 2 π 이다.