[문제 2] 1. b = e 2 a \displaystyle b=e^2a b = e 2 a 로 두면, 선분 AP의 방정식과 선분 PB의 방정식은 각각 y = 1 t − 1 a t − a ( x − a ) + 1 a = − 1 a t ( x − a ) + 1 a ( a ≤ x ≤ t ) , y = − 1 b t ( x − t ) + 1 t ( t ≤ x ≤ b ) \displaystyle y=\frac{\frac1t-\frac1a}{t-a}(x-a)+\frac1a=-\frac1{at}(x-a)+\frac1a\quad(a\le x\le t),\quad y=-\frac1{bt}(x-t)+\frac1t\quad(t\le x\le b) y = t − a t 1 − a 1 ( x − a ) + a 1 = − a t 1 ( x − a ) + a 1 ( a ≤ x ≤ t ) , y = − b t 1 ( x − t ) + t 1 ( t ≤ x ≤ b ) 이다. 따라서 S 1 = ∫ a t { − 1 a t ( x − a ) + 1 a − 1 x } d x = [ − 1 2 a t ( x − a ) 2 + x a − ln x ] a t = − 1 2 a t ( t − a ) 2 + t a − ln t − 1 + ln a = 1 2 { t a − a t + 2 ln a t } . \displaystyle \begin{aligned}S_1&=\int_a^t\left\{-\frac1{at}(x-a)+\frac1a-\frac1x\right\}\,dx=\Biggl[-\frac1{2at}(x-a)^2+\frac xa-\ln x\Biggr]_a^t\\&=-\frac1{2at}(t-a)^2+\frac ta-\ln t-1+\ln a=\frac12\left\{\frac ta-\frac at+2\ln\frac at\right\}.\end{aligned} S 1 = ∫ a t { − a t 1 ( x − a ) + a 1 − x 1 } d x = [ − 2 a t 1 ( x − a ) 2 + a x − ln x ] a t = − 2 a t 1 ( t − a ) 2 + a t − ln t − 1 + ln a = 2 1 { a t − t a + 2 ln t a } . 비슷하게 S 2 = 1 2 { b t − t b + 2 ln t b } \displaystyle S_2=\frac12\left\{\frac bt-\frac tb+2\ln\frac tb\right\} S 2 = 2 1 { t b − b t + 2 ln b t } 이 성립하고, 이로부터 S 1 + S 2 = 1 2 { ( 1 a − 1 b ) t + b − a t + 2 ln a b } = 1 2 { ( b − a ) ( t a b + 1 t ) + 2 ln a b } \displaystyle S_1+S_2=\frac12\left\{\left(\frac1a-\frac1b\right)t+\frac{b-a}t+2\ln\frac ab\right\}=\frac12\left\{(b-a)\left(\frac t{ab}+\frac1t\right)+2\ln\frac ab\right\} S 1 + S 2 = 2 1 { ( a 1 − b 1 ) t + t b − a + 2 ln b a } = 2 1 { ( b − a ) ( ab t + t 1 ) + 2 ln b a } 을 얻는다. 산술평균과 기하평균의 관계에 의해 S 1 + S 2 ≥ ( b − a ) 1 a b + ln a b = ( e 2 − 1 ) a e a + ln a e 2 a = e 2 − 1 e − 2 \displaystyle S_1+S_2\ge(b-a)\frac1{\sqrt{ab}}+\ln\frac ab=\frac{(e^2-1)a}{ea}+\ln\frac a{e^2a}=\frac{e^2-1}e-2 S 1 + S 2 ≥ ( b − a ) ab 1 + ln b a = e a ( e 2 − 1 ) a + ln e 2 a a = e e 2 − 1 − 2 이 성립하고 등호는 t = a b = e a \displaystyle t=\sqrt{ab}=ea t = ab = e a 일 때 성립한다. 따라서 S 1 + S 2 \displaystyle S_1+S_2 S 1 + S 2 의 최솟값은 e 2 − 1 e − 2 \displaystyle \frac{e^2-1}e-2 e e 2 − 1 − 2 이다.
2. lim n → ∞ ( a n ) n = 2019 \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} ( a_{n} )^{n} = 2019 n → ∞ lim ( a n ) n = 2019 이므로, lim n → ∞ n ln a n = ln 2019 \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} n \ln a_{n} = \ln 2019 n → ∞ lim n ln a n = ln 2019 이고 lim n → ∞ a n = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} a_{n} = 1 n → ∞ lim a n = 1 이다. 그런데, 2019 = lim n → ∞ ( a n ) n = lim n → ∞ [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] n \displaystyle 2019 = \lim_{n \to \infty} ( a_{n} )^{n} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left[ 1 + ( a_{n} - 1 ) \right]^{n} 2019 = n → ∞ lim ( a n ) n = n → ∞ lim [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] n = lim n → ∞ [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] 1 a n − 1 n ( a n − 1 ) \displaystyle = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left[ 1 + ( a_{n} - 1 ) \right]^{\frac{1}{a_{n} - 1} n ( a_{n} - 1 )} = n → ∞ lim [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] a n − 1 1 n ( a n − 1 ) 이다. 양변에 로그를 취하면, ln 2019 = lim n → ∞ ln [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] 1 a n − 1 ⋅ n ( a n − 1 ) \displaystyle \ln 2019 = \lim_{n \to \infty} \ln \left[ 1 + ( a_{n} - 1 ) \right]^{\frac{1}{a_{n} - 1} \cdot n ( a_{n} - 1 )} ln 2019 = n → ∞ lim ln [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] a n − 1 1 ⋅ n ( a n − 1 ) = lim n → ∞ n ( a n − 1 ) ln [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] 1 a n − 1 \displaystyle = \lim_{n \to \infty} n ( a_{n} - 1 ) \ln \left[ 1 + ( a_{n} - 1 ) \right]^{\frac{1}{a_{n} - 1}} = n → ∞ lim n ( a n − 1 ) ln [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] a n − 1 1 을 얻는다. lim n → ∞ ( 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ) 1 a n − 1 = e \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} ( 1 + ( a_{n} - 1 ) )^{\frac{1}{a_{n} - 1}} = e n → ∞ lim ( 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ) a n − 1 1 = e 이므로, lim n → ∞ ln [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] 1 a n − 1 = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \ln \left[ 1 + ( a_{n} - 1 ) \right]^{\frac{1}{a_{n} - 1}} = 1 n → ∞ lim ln [ 1 + ( a n − 1 ) ] a n − 1 1 = 1 이다.따라서 구하는 극한값은 lim n → ∞ n ( a n − 1 ) = ln 2019 \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} n ( a_{n} - 1 ) = \ln 2019 n → ∞ lim n ( a n − 1 ) = ln 2019 이다.
3. { f ( x ) } 2 − { g ( x ) } 4 = 4 \displaystyle \{f(x)\}^2-\{g(x)\}^4=4 { f ( x ) } 2 − { g ( x ) } 4 = 4 를 미분하면 ⇒ 2 f ( x ) f ′ ( x ) − 4 { g ( x ) } 3 g ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇒ g ′ ( x ) f ( x ) = f ′ ( x ) 2 { g ( x ) } 3 ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ① \displaystyle \Rightarrow\ 2f(x)f'(x)-4\{g(x)\}^3g'(x)=0\quad\Rightarrow\quad\frac{g'(x)}{f(x)}=\frac{f'(x)}{2\{g(x)\}^3}\quad\cdots\cdots\cdots\ ① ⇒ 2 f ( x ) f ′ ( x ) − 4 { g ( x ) } 3 g ′ ( x ) = 0 ⇒ f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) = 2 { g ( x ) } 3 f ′ ( x ) ⋯⋯⋯ ① ∫ 0 π 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) − f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) d x = ∫ 0 π [ 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) − f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) ] d x = ∫ 0 π [ 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) − f ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 ] d x = ∫ 0 π 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) d x − ∫ 0 π f ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 d x \displaystyle \begin{aligned}\int_0^\pi\frac{3f(x)g'(x)-f'(x)g(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2g(x)}\,dx&=\int_0^\pi\left[\frac{3f(x)g'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2g(x)}-\frac{f'(x)g(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2g(x)}\right]\,dx\\&=\int_0^\pi\left[\frac{3f(x)g'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2g(x)}-\frac{f'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2}\right]\,dx=\int_0^\pi\frac{3f(x)g'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2g(x)}\,dx-\int_0^\pi\frac{f'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2}\,dx\end{aligned} ∫ 0 π { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) − f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) d x = ∫ 0 π [ { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) − { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) ] d x = ∫ 0 π [ { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) − { f ( x ) } 2 f ′ ( x ) ] d x = ∫ 0 π { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) d x − ∫ 0 π { f ( x ) } 2 f ′ ( x ) d x (1) ∫ 0 π f ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 d x = [ − 1 f ( x ) ] 0 π = − ( 1 f ( π ) − 1 f ( 0 ) ) = − ( 1 5 − 1 3 ) = 2 15 \displaystyle \int_0^\pi\frac{f'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2}\,dx=\Biggl[-\frac1{f(x)}\Biggr]_0^\pi=-\left(\frac1{f(\pi)}-\frac1{f(0)}\right)=-\left(\frac15-\frac13\right)=\frac2{15} ∫ 0 π { f ( x ) } 2 f ′ ( x ) d x = [ − f ( x ) 1 ] 0 π = − ( f ( π ) 1 − f ( 0 ) 1 ) = − ( 5 1 − 3 1 ) = 15 2 (2) ①의 관계식에 의해 다음 식을 얻는다. ∫ 0 π 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) d x = ∫ 0 π { g ( x ) } 3 f ( x ) 3 g ′ ( x ) { g ( x ) } 4 d x = 3 2 ∫ 0 π 2 { g ( x ) } 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) { g ( x ) } 4 d x \displaystyle \int_0^\pi\frac{3f(x)g'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2g(x)}\,dx=\int_0^\pi\frac{\{g(x)\}^3}{f(x)}\frac{3g'(x)}{\{g(x)\}^4}\,dx=\frac32\int_0^\pi\frac{2\{g(x)\}^3}{f(x)}\frac{g'(x)}{\{g(x)\}^4}\,dx ∫ 0 π { f ( x ) } 2 g ( x ) 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) d x = ∫ 0 π f ( x ) { g ( x ) } 3 { g ( x ) } 4 3 g ′ ( x ) d x = 2 3 ∫ 0 π f ( x ) 2 { g ( x ) } 3 { g ( x ) } 4 g ′ ( x ) d x 따라서 적분값을 구하면, 3 2 ∫ 0 π 2 { g ( x ) } 3 f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) { g ( x ) } 4 d x = 3 2 ∫ 0 π f ( x ) f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) ( { f ( x ) } 2 − 4 ) d x = 3 2 ∫ 0 π f ′ ( x ) { f ( x ) } 2 − 4 d x = 3 8 ∫ 0 π ( f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) − 2 − f ′ ( x ) f ( x ) + 2 ) d x = 3 8 [ ln ∣ f ( x ) − 2 ∣ − ln ∣ f ( x ) + 2 ∣ ] 0 π = 3 8 { ln 3 − ln 7 + ln 5 } = 3 8 ln 15 7 \displaystyle \begin{aligned}\frac32\int_0^\pi\frac{2\{g(x)\}^3}{f(x)}\frac{g'(x)}{\{g(x)\}^4}\,dx&=\frac32\int_0^\pi\frac{f(x)f'(x)}{f(x)(\{f(x)\}^2-4)}\,dx=\frac32\int_0^\pi\frac{f'(x)}{\{f(x)\}^2-4}\,dx\\&=\frac38\int_0^\pi\left(\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)-2}-\frac{f'(x)}{f(x)+2}\right)\,dx\\&=\frac38\Biggl[\ln|f(x)-2|-\ln|f(x)+2|\Biggr]_0^\pi\\&=\frac38\{\ln3-\ln7+\ln5\}=\frac38\ln\frac{15}7\end{aligned} 2 3 ∫ 0 π f ( x ) 2 { g ( x ) } 3 { g ( x ) } 4 g ′ ( x ) d x = 2 3 ∫ 0 π f ( x ) ({ f ( x ) } 2 − 4 ) f ( x ) f ′ ( x ) d x = 2 3 ∫ 0 π { f ( x ) } 2 − 4 f ′ ( x ) d x = 8 3 ∫ 0 π ( f ( x ) − 2 f ′ ( x ) − f ( x ) + 2 f ′ ( x ) ) d x = 8 3 [ ln ∣ f ( x ) − 2∣ − ln ∣ f ( x ) + 2∣ ] 0 π = 8 3 { ln 3 − ln 7 + ln 5 } = 8 3 ln 7 15 (1)과 (2)로부터 구하는 적분값은 − 2 15 + 3 8 ln 15 7 \displaystyle -\frac2{15}+\frac38\ln\frac{15}7 − 15 2 + 8 3 ln 7 15 이다.